Annotated+Bibliography+for+Elementary+Group

Oklahoma State Dept. of Career and Technology Education, S. r. (2002). //Career Activity File: Counseling Tools for a Guidance Program, K-12//. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.

Summary: The overall theme of this article is school to work transition sustainability. This article was not necessarily a narrative regarding career development, but yet it provided activities that you could implement throughout grade levels. However for the purpose of this group, I focused on the elementary ideas that were discussed. For example, a study that third graders participated in is that they went to a local bank and filled out an application for a loan, provided job titles, and finally participated in daily tasks throughout the day. They were told to pick a job that they thought would be more profitable than them and they analyzed the job that they chose. Other activities that this article provided was to have the students fill out an inventory of what they knew. An interesting piece that I found was that they provided a sample of a kid friendly application. Finally, another activity that stood out was for the students to cut out pictures of various jobs and label the qualifications for that particular occupation.

Application: This provided various ideas of what could be used at the elementary level and demonstrates that it is never too early to begin teaching kids about career development. It allows them to explore various occupations and become more familiar with what each job title consists of. Some ideas that they provided could be useful in our presentation.

Wood, C., & Kaszubowski, Y. (2008). The Career Development Needs of Rural Elementary School Students. //Elementary School Journal//, 108(5), 431-444. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.

Summary:This article brought up the fact that high school lack the proper career development program and that elementary is even worse. Wood and Kaszubowski bring up the importance of prioritizing the needs for career development at the elementary level and if this trend continues, the lack of career development could be problematic. There were studies that found that the aspirations of students varied among SES groups, race, and gender as well as the aspirations have diminished over time among young children. Another factor that was brought up was Super's theory on career development. The four major areas of career development that this article focused on at the elementary level was curiosity/exploration, information, time perspective, and key factors. Finally, there was a study done with elementary schools that looked at Super's 9 dimensions.

Application: I found that this related to our project because we, as future counselors, need to realize the importance of awareness of career development. This article also brought up how students misunderstand various occupations or are not aware at all. A tip that this article provided was to integrate a traditional curriculum and include activities such as career fairs and informing students about different careers.

Jarrett, O. (2010). "Inventive" Learning Stations. //Science & Children//, 47(5), 56-59. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.

Summary: This article focused on the importance of career developmental skills for elementary school-aged children. The underlined theme of the article was that as people grow older, they are faced more and more with situations in which they have to make decisions about their career, and thus, educators should incorporate these skills with children from a young age. The author also discussed how some of the gender and/or class based stereotyped assumptions of an occupation may be formed in young children. One example was the typical depiction of an office on the average television show, which is constructed more for the entertainment of the audience and less to be an accurate representation of the job. The author’s point here was that many young children don’t have the facets to distinguish between entertainment and reality and thus they incorporate false images and beliefs about jobs into their basic understanding of said job.

Application: The article also gave several examples of how these skills could be integrated into the classroom. For example, one activity involved having 2nd graders discuss and draw pictures of the working adults in their neighborhoods. Another example is increasing knowledge of jobs by listing various titles for the same profession (ex. Custodian – Janitor). Because these jobs may go by different names, children think they lack knowledge of a job when they in fact may not. We could use this exercise in the workshop by having groups come up with lists of commonly confused job titles. Another example of possible classroom skills that the author mentioned was the use of classroom jobs. We could have groups produce a list of classroom jobs that could be given to children that would help to promote future career development.

Harkins, M. A. (2001). Developmentally appropriate career guidance: Building concepts to last a lifetime. //Early Childhood Education Journal//, 28(3), 169-174. doi:10.1023/A:1026543201937

NOTE: VERY HELPFUL/RELEVANT ARTICLE


 * SUMMARY: The author emphasizes the importance of beginning young for the career planning process, and goes on to identify how that process could take shape. Harkins explains that the exposure to job opportunities should move from the known to the unknown. Therefore, she recommends that a career event include the occupations of parents and relatives of students in the class. Additionally, she advocates that career counselors incorporate employment information into the general curriculum of the school.
 * APPLICATION: This article has definite relevance for our workshop and literature review. The author emphasizes the experience aspect of career exposure for children at a young age. We should integrate this element into our workshop. A work-site simulation could be something that could be possible. Also, we should ask the class what they would like to explore, and identify jobs that the parents of our classmates perform, and incorporate them into our workshop. For the literature review, we should explain that mainstreaming career counseling into the curriculum is a key aspect for all age groups.

Ocak, G. (2010). The Effect of Learning Stations on the Level of Academic Success and Retention of Elementary School Students. //New Educational Review//, 146-156. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.
 * SUMMARY: This article gives a strong rationale for utizling "learning stations" in the education environment. The author indicates that the advantages of learning stations include promoting independence, helping students to become self-motivated, and increasing self-confidence. Further, the author notes from this study that knowledge retention from activities performed in a learning station was high.
 * APPLICATION: The article's desciption of a learning station are very helpful. In addtion, the learning station design fits well with the presentation of material that incorporates multiple intelligences. In addition, the benefits listed by the author are all necessary for a child to gain in the career development process. Therefore, this mode of educational engagement not only effectively presents the material, but also cultivates important character growth that enables a child to succeed later on in life. On another note, because career education with elementary students often involves many hundreds of students, learning stations offers a pragmatic approach to presenting information to each student in a way that addresses their preferred intelligence.

Magnuson, C. S., & Starr, M. F. (2000). How early is too early to begin life career planning? The importance of the elementary school years. //Journal of Career Development//, 27(2), 89-101. doi:10.1023/A:1007844500034

NOTE: VERY HELPFUL/RELEVANT ARTICLE


 * SUMMARY: "It's never too early to start career planning." Magnuson & Starr maintain that career planning must begin at a very young age, because they need to develop the skills necessary to succeed in the workplace. They lay out five premises that guide their approach to career planning (1. Life career development is a life long spiraling process; 2. Life career planning includes a series of sub-skills; 3. Career awareness and career exploration form the foundation for effective life career planning; 4. Idiosyncratic factors influence the decision making of each person; 5. child development theory and career development theory are interrelated). The authors offer an overview of Piaget, Erikson, Vygotsky's, Super, Gottfredson and Zunker's work in order to ground their findings in relevant theories. Finally, the authors end by considering strategies to encourage children to pursue career planning in the elementary years.


 * APPLICATION TO WORKSHOP: First, in the literature review, we will probably have to lay out an argument for why career planning at such a young age is even necessary. This article would be a great resource for that section. Second, premise number three probably most relates to our project. We need to expose kids to many job possibilities at this young age so that they can begin exploration, even apart from the guidance office. The relevant theories could offer some material for our literature review as well.

Patterson, J. (2005). Career development begins in elementary and middle school. //Counseling Today//, 48(3), 18. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.
 * SUMMARY: An expert identifies current trends in career counseling at the elementary school and middle school levels. She notes several areas where career education can be helpful. For example, children need to learn that education is a lifelong process, and understand the basic skills necessary to perform a job in the future. Technology can facilitate this process through online inventories, and new applications like, "Paws in Jobland."
 * APPLICATION TO WORKSHOP: Perhaps one of our stations can be geared to just exposing children to the basic skills necessary to performing a job well. These skills could include typing, punctuality, and persistence, among many others.

Sink, C. A. (2008). Elementary School Counselors and Teachers: Collaborators for Higher Student Achievement. //Elementary School Journal//, 108(5), 445-458. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.


 * SUMMARY: School counselors and teachers need to work collaboratively in order to boost student achievement.
 * APPLICATION: This article is not so helpful for what we are looking for. Although it does discuss the school counselors role in engagement with the teacher, it does not talk about the integrative nature of career planning into the classroom.

McKenzie, G. (1995). Montessori Language and the Sensitive Period for the Imagination and Culture. //Montessori Life//, 7(3), 38-39. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//. (Requested through EBSCOhost)


 * SUMMARY: This article offers an overview of basic Montessori principles in education. The author emphasizes the need to engage the imagination of young children in order to create a hunger in the child for learning. The authors explain that creative writing and story telling can play a part in generating imaginativity in the child.
 * APPLICATION FOR WORKSHOP: For our project, perhaps we could offer a set of prompts from which our classmates could create a story. Each of the prompts could deal with a particular job. Then, the participants could create an illustration about this story, to explain why they chose to describe this career.

Helwig, A. A. (2008). From Childhood to Adulthood: A 15-Year Longitudinal Career Development Study. //Career Development Quarterly//, 57(1), 38-50. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//. SUMMARY: In 1987, 208 2nd graders were interviewed about their occupational aspirations etc. They were reinterviewed every 2 years through their senior year in high school. A 5 year post high school follow up was done with 35 young adults. They found some sex-type preferences. The importance of mothers and fathers was noted in career developments as well as the role of teachers and counselors. APPLICATION: Possibly no direct application for our workshop but interesting to note that teachers and counselors were regarded as fairly crucial in career development.

Auger, R. W., Blackhurst, A. E., & Wahl, K. (2005). The Development of Elementary-Aged Children's Career Aspirations and Expectations. //Professional School Counseling//, 8(4), 322-329. The Development of Elementary-Aged Children's Career Aspirations and Expectations.// SUMMARY: Interviews were conducted with 123 1st, 3rd, adn 5th grade children to examine career aspirations. Results showed that elementary children undergo dramatic developmental changes and also resist some of these changes. The article talked about the role of the School Counselor. "The School Counselor can be instrumental in assisting elementary-aged students as they learn about careers and make tentative judgments about the careers they would like to have. The importance of addressing all three domains of the ASCA National Model ath the elementary level - academic, personal-social, and career development- is clearly supported by the finding of this study." APPLICATION: Possibly not the best article for direct application but I found it so supportive of career development in elementary school and I liked how it supported the ASCA National Model.

Blackhurst, A. E., & Auger, R. W. (2008). Precursors to the Gender Gap in College Enrollment: Children's Aspirations and Expectations for Their Futures. Professional School Counseling//, 11(3), 149-158. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.// SUMMARY: This article examined findings from data collected from 115 elementary school children. The data was looked at for developmental and gender differences in the students career aspirations. Girls were more likely to want a career that required a college education. "...the findings underscore the importance of implementing elementary and middle school guidance programs designed to assist students with: a)developing a broad range of interests and abilities b)understanding the relationship between learning and work c)understanding how school success and academic achievement enhance future career and vocational opportunities d)developing an awareness of personal abilities, skills, interests, and motivations e)identifying post secondary options consistent with interests, achievements, aptitude, and abilities f)learning about a variety of traditional and nontraditional occupations"

Research shows that educating elementary students is so important because younger children who are encouraged to keep vocational options open continue to do so as they grow older. This is especially important for boys who need to be educated about having "high but realistic career aspirations". They also had some ideas for elementary school children that included inviting speakers with nontraditonal occupations to speak at the schools and displaying posters depicting nontraditonal careers. APPLICATION: In our workshop we want to make sure to include nontraditonal careers and possibly some of the other points (a-f above) mentioned earlier. I think this will help our workshop to be holistic and less gender biased.

//Snyder, D., & Jackson, S. (2006). The K-12 Career Development Process.// Techniques: Connecting Education & Careers//, 81(3), 22-26. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.//

SUMMARY: This is a great example of a countywide career program offered to K-12 students in Butler County, Ohio. The emphasis in K-5 is to give students opportunities to increase their awareness of careers. They focused on the following concepts for K-5: Self-Awareness, Community Involvement, Decision-Making and Goal-Setting, Reduction of Bias, Employability Skills, Economics, Career Information. They also have Career Specialists assigned to districts and work at coordinating career curriculum with current academic curriculum. While the programs tend to focus more heavily on technical jobs, I think this presented an interesting and engaging model. APPLICATION: We could make sure to include some or all of the concepts found helpful for working with elementary children.

//Gallavan, N. P. (2003). Decision Making, Self-Efficacy, and the Place of Career Education in Elementary School Social Studies.// Social Studies//, 94(1), 15. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.//
 * SUMMARY: This article talks about a paradigm shift in thinking regarding career education. In essence, school exists in order for children to one day gain employment. Once teachers realized this goal, they were better able to incorporate career education into the classroom. This article identifies several characteristics that a gainfully-employed worker should demonstrate.
 * APPLICATION TO WORKSHOP: Again, the importance of integrating the material into the mainstream classroom comes through. Additionally, some other characteristics necessary for employment (dependability, self-motivation, respect, responsibility) are highlighted. Perhaps we could incorporate some of these into the workshop.

//Lash, M. (2004). Multiple Intelligences and the Search for Creative Teaching.// Paths of Learning//, (22), 13-15. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.//
 * //SUMMARY: Lash offers an overview of the topic of "Multiple Intelligences." She elaborates on eight different categories (she is missing "existential intelligence" which is included in Gouws' article below).//
 * //APPLICATION: The broader explanation of each category that Lash outlines could help us to generate more ideas for our workshop learning stations.//

//MCINTOSH, P. (2000). LIFE CAREER DEVELOPMENT : IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL COUNSELORS.// Education//, 120(4), 621-625. Retrieved from EBSCO//host//.//


 * SUMMARY: The article outlines an approach to career planning called, "life career development." This approach emphasizes the need for students to be life-long learners. The author advocates for a cyclical, instead of a linear, view of career planning. McIntosh points out several areas where this approach can be applied by school counselors, including in the elementary grades.
 * APPLICATION TO WORKSHOP: This article can provide some material for the literature review (about building self-esteem, encouraging pro-social behavior etc. p 623), but these concepts are not necessarily relevant for the workshop (at least I don't think so...).

//Gouws, F. E. (2007). Teaching and learning through multiple intelligences in the outcomes-based education classroom.// Africa Education Review//, 4(2), 60-74. doi:10.1080/18146620701652705
 * SUMMARY: This article offers an overview of the concept of "multiple intelligences" a theory that Gardner posited in 1983, and continues to carry weight in education. The author argues that this concept can be applied to the educational system in South Africa.
 * APPLICATION: In our workshop, we could design each of the learning stations to target a specific type of the nine different multiple intelligence. For example, we could ask participants to create a road map that would list and connect routes to two or three jobs that they could envision themselves doing someday.

Emmett, J. and Preston, D. (2001). Career Development in the Elementary School in D. Sandhu (Ed.), (2001). //Elementary school counseling in the new millennium// (73-101). Alexandria, VA US: American Counseling Association.
 * SUMMARY (of chapter 7): Citing Super, Krumboltz and Lent, Brown & Hackett, Emmett and Preston outline the theoretical base for career counseling in elementary schools. They also list the career developmental guidelines, and a review of the literature for this topic. The authors noted the importance of career education, and the disparity between the amount of time a school counselor reports performing this activity with the perceived importance of the role by elementary students themselves. Just like other authors noted in this annotated bibliography, Emmett and Preston emphasize the importance of an integrated approach in all curriculum and a shift in thinking to a career as self-development over the life span. They concluded their chapter by listing resources for school counselors.
 * APPLICATION: Once again, this offers some strong support for the integrative method, and for starting the career planning process young. We can use this information mostly for the literature review.